Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Bio

Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Bio Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez is an American legislator and previous network coordinator. Her grip of vote based communism and financial, social, and racial justiceâ issues earned her a huge after among individual dynamic twenty to thirty year olds, which pushed her to a seat in the U.S. Place of Representatives. Her climb is vital on the grounds that she vanquished the fourth-most elevated positioning Democrat in Congress and turned into the most youthful lady chose for the House. Quick Facts: Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Occupation: Member of the U.S. Place of Representatives from New YorkNickname: AOCBorn: Oct. 13, 1989, in Bronx County, New York City, New YorkParents: Sergio Ocasio (expired) and Blanca Ocasio-CortezEducation: B.A. in Economics and International Relations, Boston UniversityKnown For: Youngest lady chose for Congress. She was 29 when she got down to business in January 2019Interesting Fact: Ocasio-Cortez functioned as a server and barkeep before running for CongressFamous Quote: â€Å"Where did I get off? That is to say, I’m going to tell individuals that I, as a server, ought to be their next congresswoman?† Early Life Ocasio-Cortez was conceived in New York on Oct. 13, 1989, to Sergio Ocasio, a draftsman brought up in South Bronx, and Blanca Ocasio-Cortez, a local of Puerto Rico who cleaned houses and drove a school transport to enable the family to take care of the tabs. The couple met when he was seeing family in Puerto Rico; they wedded and moved to an average workers neighborhood in New York City. The two guardians had been naturally introduced to neediness and needed their girl and child, Gabriel Ocasio-Cortez, to have progressively prosperous childhoods. The family inevitably migrated from New York City to a rich suburb, Yorktown Heights, where they lived in an unassuming home and sent Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez to a for the most part white secondary school, where she exceeded expectations. Ocasio-Cortez moved on from Yorktown High School in 2007 and entered Boston University, at first considering organic chemistry. She got her first taste of governmental issues by electing to make calls for Democrat Barack Obamas fruitful 2008 presidential crusade. Her life changed significantly, however, when her dad was determined to have lung malignancy while she was at school. Ocasio-Cortez said her dads passing her sophomore year constrained her to place every last bit of her vitality into school. The exact opposite thing my dad had let me know in the medical clinic was ‘Make me proud,’ she said in a meeting with The New Yorker. I took it truly. My G.P.A. skyrocketed.† After her dads passing, Ocasio-Cortez changed gears and started considering financial aspects and universal relations. She graduated with a four year certification in liberal arts degree from Boston University in 2011. At that point she had likewise ventured once again into governmental issues, working low maintenance through school in the Boston office of U.S. Sen. Ted Kennedy, the purported liberal lion and enduring individual from the Kennedy political administration. The 2016 Campaign and a Career in Politics After school, Ocasio-Cortez functioned as a server and barkeep. She got engaged with legislative issues at the national level in the 2016 Democratic primaries, when she peddled for U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders of Vermont, the Democratic Socialist who fruitlessly looked for the presidential designation against previous Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. After Sanders lost, similarly invested Democratic Socialists started enrolling possibility to run for the House and Senate as a major aspect of an exertion called Brand New Congress. In the fall of 2016, as Republican Donald Trump was making a beeline for a dazzling constituent resentful about Clinton, Ocasio-Cortezs sibling sent an application to the gathering for her benefit, and her crusade for Congress was conceived. Like Sanders, Ocasio-Cortez supports such proposition as free open school and ensured family leave. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/J6WEy4FRtErhaf6vJnB62HtpXeo=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/AlexandriaOcasioCortezsign-5c76e99346e0fb00019b8d17.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/twCUFKxZ1uTD71b2MjRxrFkmylQ=/1334x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/AlexandriaOcasioCortezsign-5c76e99346e0fb00019b8d17.jpg 1334w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/rlH7STHyYKGqL_Ew9l4bhFJCT7I=/2368x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/AlexandriaOcasioCortezsign-5c76e99346e0fb00019b8d17.jpg 2368w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/XWqW9i3DaBoYbkDWPK0SlyS5Jss=/4437x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/AlexandriaOcasioCortezsign-5c76e99346e0fb00019b8d17.jpg 4437w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ujp8p06NjbpXhSoNBM2QydqDQdg=/4437x2958/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/AlexandriaOcasioCortezsign-5c76e99346e0fb00019b8d17.jpg src=//:0 alt=Alexandria Ocasio Cortez bio class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-15 information following container=true /> A marcher holds a sign that state, If Youre Scared of Me, You Are The Problem with a picture of Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Democratic of the fourteenth congressional region of the House Of Representatives before Trump International Hotel during the Womans March in the precinct of Manhattan in NY on January 19, 2019. Ira L. Dark - Corbis/Getty Images In the June 2018 Democratic essential, Ocasio-Cortez adequately crushed U.S. Rep. Joseph Crowley, who had amassed a lot of impact in his region as well as among his partys congressional administration more than two decades. Ocasio-Cortez proceeded to vanquish a Republican, school educator Anthony Pappas, in the fall political race to sit down speaking to New York states positively Democratic fourteenth Congressional District, which is focused in New York City and spreads portions of the Bronx and Queens wards. About a large portion of the occupants of the locale are Hispanic, and less than 20 percent are white. At age 29, she turned into the most youthful lady to win a House seat. The most youthful individual chosen to Congress was William Charles Cole Claiborne of Tennessee, who was 22 when he started serving in 1797. Popularity based Socialist Ideology Ocasio-Cortez has advocated financial, social, and racial equity in the House. Specifically, she has assumed the issues of riches uniqueness and the treatment of undocumented workers in the United States. She proposed charging the wealthiest Americans at personal duty paces of as much as 70 percent; required the abrogation of U.S. Migration and Customs Enforcement, the Homeland Security organization that captures and expels individuals living in the United States unlawfully; and pushed for the disposal of revenue driven jails. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/FIzG1d7ptWkZDo5xvW7OhiniyUk=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/equitable legislators repalexandria-ocasio-cortez-and-sened-markey-divulge their-green-new-bargain goals 1128062786-5c76e9f646e0fb00011bf23b.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/EGJOTPYKEK-J_Cg4yA-OPzc8EfI=/1332x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/law based administrators repalexandria-ocasio-cortez-and-sened-markey-uncover their-green-new-bargain goals 1128062786-5c76e9f646e0fb00011bf23b.jpg 1332w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/w1utWlBY00YAAVU66dk_7KKitio=/2364x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/majority rule officials repalexandria-ocasio-cortez-and-sened-markey-disclose their-green-new-bargain goals 1128062786-5c76e9f646e0fb00011bf23b.jpg 2364w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/VGoiK1zh1RXjXMoOQ0izi0hAPMQ=/4428x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/law based administrators repalexandria-ocasio-c ortez-and-sened-markey-reveal their-green-new-bargain goals 1128062786-5c76e9f646e0fb00011bf23b.jpg 4428w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/uR_SOvs5KT2DXOD2jcilfG27Rnw=/4428x2952/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/equitable legislators repalexandria-ocasio-cortez-and-sened-markey-divulge their-green-new-bargain goals 1128062786-5c76e9f646e0fb00011bf23b.jpg src=//:0 alt=Democratic Lawmakers Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez And Sen. Ed Markey Unveil Their Green New Deal Resolution class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-23 information following container=true /> U.S. Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY) talks as Sen. Ed Markey (D-MA) (R) and other Congressional Democrats tune in during a news gathering before the U.S. Legislative hall February 7, 2019 in Washington, DC. Sen. Markey and Rep. Ocasio-Cortez held a news gathering to reveal their Green New Deal goals. Alex Wong/Getty Images Her most goal-oriented arrangement recommendations were contained in the alleged Green New Deal, which she said is intended to battle environmental change by moving the vitality portfolio in the United States from non-renewable energy sources to every sustainable source, for example, wind and sunlight based inside 12 years. The Green New Deal additionally proposed non-vitality moves, for example, an occupation ensure program to guarantee a living compensation employment to each individual who needs one,† just as widespread medicinal services and a fundamental salary. A great part of the new spending to subsidize those projects would originate from higher expenses on the wealthiest Americans. Numerous political eyewitnesses have recommended that Ocasio-Cortez-whose battle was supported by little givers and not corporate interests, and whose plan separates her from the foundation individuals from the Democratic Party-has supplanted Sanders as the accepted pioneer of the left. Sources Remnick, David. â€Å"Alexandria Ocasio-Cortezs Historic Win and the Future of the Democratic Party.† The New Yorker, The New Yorker, 17 July 2018, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/07/23/alexandria-ocasio-cortezs-memorable win-and-the-eventual fate of-the-majority rule party.Chappell, Bill, and Scott Neuman. â€Å"Who Is Alexandria Ocasio-

Software Marketing Free Essays

Programming is made out of numerous projects that all together satisfy a specific undertaking. Projects are severe guidelines that instruct the PC. A PC is a mind boggling machine that utilizes headings like projects and programming to work, without it it†s pointless. We will compose a custom article test on Programming Marketing or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now At the end of the day, programming carries life to a computer†s equipment. All the more unequivocally, it speaks to what fuel is to a vehicle. There are two classifications of programming; working frameworks and applications. Them two are a need to one†s PC. The first is the biggest program, and the most significant one. This product manages document the executives, memory the board, gives a UI, and oversees I/O gadgets like printers, and plate drives. Microsoft is notable for their Windows 95, and Windows NT working frameworks, two of the most well known working framework available on account of its easy to understand highlights. Be that as it may, working framework like Unix, and Linux are progressively known for their strength, and great execution. Then again, applications are littler projects that satisfy a less significant errand. To fulfill the user†s request, programs are composed in like manner. For instance, a great deal of word processor clients have the benefit of having programs like Word to support them. Other may like spread sheets, and use programs like Excel, or Lotus1-2-3. There are likewise database applications like Access, or programming compilers like Borland C++. Each one of those application are extremely regular for PCs. This is the reason organizations attempt to sell alongside a PC a working framework, and a bundle of profoundly requested applications simultaneously. Working framework, similar to application is costly. As of late, organizations have been sans offering rendition of programming on the Internet for rivalry, or financial purposes. In this manner two new classes of programming developed; shareware (freeware), and restrictive programming. Initially, shareware are programming programs that are accessible to any individual who wishes to utilize it. Winzip for instance can be downloaded from the Internet for nothing. Because of Microsoft, a large number of valuable programming are accessible a similar way, the most famous one is presumably Internet pilgrim. A significant notification about shareware is that they†re not complete projects, as it were the form downloaded isn't as finished as the first one, yet it despite everything fits some user†s requests. That†s what matters. Then again, restrictive projects are actually what a freeware program isn't. At the end of the day, it†s complete, costly, and ensured. Whit it comes a permit that unauthorizes anybody to copy, duplicate, or introduce the bought programming. Any infringement of this privilege may prompt further ramifications. The buy just permits the purchaser to utilize the product, not to duplicate it. This prompts the mind boggling laws of proprietorship. To comprehend the significance of proprietorship, it†s imperative to realized what possession is, and how it†s obtained. Initially, possession intends to claim a property by right, in this manner it†s a legitimate belonging that guarantee ownership. Second possession can be obtained in increasingly then one manner. By buying a house you can turn into a proprietor, in the event that you make, find, or acquire a thing you along these lines sensibly become the proprietor also. For instance, in the event that you locate a gold mine you become the lawful proprietor. There is distinctive sort of possession, and the most well-known one is unquestionably physical proprietorship. For this situation the beneficiary can do whatever he wishes with his respectability. As an article, proprietors can utilize their properties as they need, as long as they†re not disregarding the law, or anyone†s rights. A house is an extraordinary case of physical proprietorship. The proprietor can do anything he desires to it, as long as he doesn†t jeopardize his neighbors. This is the place proprietorship programming turns out to be progressively sensitive. Would software be able to be treated along these lines? would it be a good idea for it to be considered as an article? This inquiry is perplexing, and this is the reason arrangements have been made for programming replicating. For instance, if an individual purchases a PC program, he purchases the option to utilize that product as much as he needs. Then again, exacting laws prohibit him to copy, or duplicate the real programming. For sure concerning books, recordings, and melodies there are copyright laws that administer programming replicating, and the infringement of those laws are not kidding. PC programming are thoughts that are deciphered in coding, thusly making copies resembles taking somebody else†s thought; it†s literary theft, that†s a wrongdoing. By those laws, software engineers are ensured just as scholars, and underwriters. In this manner they get the acknowledgment for their work. Be that as it may, this specific part of programming duplicating is as yet dubious, on the grounds that specialists neglect to authorize the law, and this is the manner by which PC programming, recordings, and melodies are unlawfully replicated ordinary. Developers do get credit, however they lose a tremendous benefit. Another significant sort of programming proprietorship is called patent. This sort of possession is a writing in paper making sure about a creation. Like this, a developer is given finished rights over his product. He has the ability to give, duplicate, introduce, uninstall, or basically provide for someone in particular a duplicate of his program. This is the means by which software engineers are shielded from different developers that might want to build up a program intently like there†s. This conversation about possession is by all accounts so intricate, along these lines why isn†t programming free for all to utilize? In an industrialist society like our own, the key reason for making an item is to make benefit out of it. If not, for what reason would you burn through ten dollars to print a T-shirt, and sell it for nothing. This thought appears to be ludicrous. Then again, singular like Richard Stallman claims that product proprietorship is hurtful to society. How is that? PCs designing like some other organizations as to meet certain monetary standars to look after themselves. The business of PCs is continually developing, and in this way all the more requesting as far as programming. Prior to the Internet, word processors, and spreadsheets were mainstream, yet now Font page 98, and Internet Explore are one of the up and coming programming in the business. Presently the inquiry is, the reason sell them with the expectation of complimentary when they†re making enormous benefits? Richard Stallman contention is that it denies individuals from utilizing the product. This resembles saying that a BMW ought to be free, since it denies the lower class individuals from driving an extravagance vehicle. Presently does that bode well? In his article, his similarity to streets is totally bogus. Why? Just in light of the fact that streets are not free, citizens give each year a piece of their compensation to look after them, accordingly should that imply that we should all compensation with the expectation of complimentary programming. Obviously not, on the grounds that the requirements of streets, isn't similar to needs PC programming. Streets are a need, while PCs are as yet discretionary. Stallman asserts additionally that free programming possession harms social union. In this manner, the reality of not replicating programming could hurt society. Does it imply that I†m being an awful resident? Should this model be directly for vehicles, houses, pay checks, etc†¦ If along these lines, it†s not going to happen at any point in the near future. Stallman contention are week, and unreasonable. In other word they don†t bode well. For the straightforward actuality that each model utilized in his article are handily pulverized. Accordingly, his contentions are deficient. Software engineering is continually growing, it’s along these lines giving a lot of benefit to our general public. As industrialist, giving PC programming for nothing ought not be thought of, yet disregard, basically on the grounds that it looks bad for developers, as it would for some other calling to give an assistance for nothing. This is the reason copyright laws have been set so as to control those that help Stallman†s hypothesis. Yet at the same time, the specialists neglect to implement those laws, accordingly this issue is a long way from being finished. It†s exceptionally simple to get free programming, particularly with the appearance of CD authors. Step by step instructions to refer to Software Marketing, Essay models

Have Your Cake Drop Date Too

Have Your Cake Drop Date Too One of the biggest events of the spring at MIT is always Spring Weekend, and the highlight of the weekend is the annual Spring Concert, where a national musical act performs on campus. The headliners for this years Spring Concert will be the rock band CAKE, with openers matt pond PA. The concert starts at 8pm tonight. Last years Spring Concert featured hip hop stars Fabolous and Lloyd Banks, both East Coast rappers who call New York City home. You may know Fabolous from his songs such as I Cant Deny It and Breathe, and you may know Lloyd Banks from 50 Cents crew G Unit. While there are always awesome concerts in Boston, its pretty exciting to have an awesome concert a minute from your dorm. Previous Spring Concerts have featured Live, Slick Rick, Jurassic 5, Sugar Ray, Spin Doctors, Blues Traveler, They Might Be Giants, Busta Rhymes, The Roots, Sonic Youth, Violent Femmes, Belly, Jesus Jones, Fishbone, 10,000 Maniacs, Sha-Na-Na, Don McLean, Aerosmith, and back in 1985 my favorite band, REM. In other news, yesterday was Drop Date: the final day MIT students can drop a class. MIT is fairly flexible about things, as classes can be added to your schedule in the first 5 weeks of the term, and can be dropped from your schedule up to 10 weeks into term. A tradition of Drop Date is the Baker House Piano Drop. According to The Tech, The piano drop was first enacted in 1972. It was conceived by a Baker resident, Charles Bruno 74, who wanted to bring back the grand old hacks of the past. In honor of him a new unit of volume was created: the Bruno.' Now the Bruno, like the Smoot, is a uniquely MIT unit of measure. Brush up on some of your MIT jargon Bruno A unit of volume resulting from a piano falling six stories onto Amherst Alley from the roof of Baker House. [How To GAMIT 2004] Bruno A unit of volume equal to the size of the dent in asphalt resulting from the free fall of an upright piano. Determined to be 1158 cubic centimeters when the experiement was first performed in 1972. [MIT Club of Boston, 1999] Yesterdays piano drop brought back fond memories of my time living in Baker House. It was a great place to live, and seeing Baker traditions like piano drop makes me happy =) Piano Drop had been performed annually between 1972 and 1984, when Amherst Alley (dorm row) was moved farther from Baker, eliminating the test site for recalibrating the Bruno. Nevertheless, the piano drop has occurred a number of times in the past 20 years, including my sophomore year. Last year was the first time in 7 years that the experiment was performed. It was covered by the local CBS news.. check it out! Piano Drop Movie [28 MB, WMV] Post Tagged #Baker House

Juvenile Delinquency And Its Effects On Youth Development

It seems that with every year that passes, the number of young children and adolescents who engage in delinquent or violent behavior increases. Too often society thinks the solution is to incarcerate them when instead many juvenile offenders are great candidates for rehabilitation. Unfortunately, a vast majority of these youth are engaging in risky and dangerous behaviors due to being victims of direct or indirect victimization than can include sexual, physical or emotional victimization and will resort to these behaviors as an outlet. Youth’s exposure to violence (ETV) is another detrimental factor that impact’s one youth development that has been shown to increase a juvenile’s likelihood of committing delinquent/criminal acts which could eventually lead to incarceration. Another discouraging reality concerning juvenile victimization and delinquency is their negative behavior could have been prevented if more young children and adolescents received treatment for the victimization they experienced. Mental health problems such as depression and PTSD have also been linked to juveniles who have been victimized sexually, emotionally and physically especially if they have been incarcerated instead of receiving treatment. Juvenile Victimization While children and adolescents should be able to fully enjoy the freedom of not having crucial responsibilities, they are exceptionally vulnerable and are categorized as one of the most highly victimized individuals of the population.Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Delinquency On Children s Life1657 Words   |  7 Pagescommit more crimes than adults, and that if we can reduce the amount of delinquency that occurs in the United States, then we will also reduce the amount of crime. To understand how to prevent delinquency, we must first understand what causes it. Delinquency can be caused by a number of factors involving the child s family, socialization, economic background and drug use. Of course, the earliest contributor to delinquency in a child s life is the family. (1) Early family dysfunction can leadRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act1577 Words   |  7 Pagespaper is to research the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act. The paper will focus on the purpose of this legislation, as well as the values that are expressed by this policy. This paper will not only address why this piece of legislation is important it will discuss the effects this act has had on the communities as well as the youths themselves. This paper, will also address the potential for change about the public attitudes towards the juvenile justice system and theRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : Factors That Lead Youth1458 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile Delinquency: Factors that lead youth to delinquency It has long been a problem why some children steal, damage properties and not others. Many researches have been done to know the main factor that lead youth to delinquency, and it has been learned that there is no single path to delinquency. Although much of the research on factors that youth face has focused on predicting serious and violent offenses. Many people wonder about the factors that lead youth to commit delinquency. There areRead MoreThe General Strain Theory Of Female Delinquency1253 Words   |  6 Pagestheories. A major theory used to explain female delinquency is the general strain theory (GST). According to Bartollas, â€Å"GST explains female delinquency by contending that many females experience harsh discipline, parental rejection, peer abuse, negative secondary school experience, homelessness, and a strong need for money;† these strains can cause females to cope through delinquent behavior (73). The social learning theory also explains female delinquency as â€Å"some females tend to associate with othersRead More Preventing Juvenile Delinquency Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesPreventing Juvenile Delinquency The saying is that history often repeats itself. If this is true then society will have to deal with the complex burden of juvenile who eventually become adult criminals. However, if this saying is not true then the community in which juvenile delinquency exist must have the tool necessary to divert the youth in the community. If one is to change delinquent youth’s behavior, they need to variegate the justice system in order to prevent juvenile delinquent recidivismsRead MoreEssay on Juvenile Justice1506 Words   |  7 PagesPortfolio on Juvenile Status Offenders A juvenile status offender is a youth charged with an offense that is not consider a crime if committed by an adult; this would include but not limited to running away from home, curfew violations, underage drinking, skipping school, or beyond a parents control. Status offenders are usually not incarcerated on their first offense, but violating a court order can find them as delinquent who can result in being place in a correction or detention facility. Read MoreMoral Panics1609 Words   |  7 Pages000 words) Societies tend to view the youth as the future and hope of a nation. To a certain extent, societies observe the behaviours and potential of the young people to ‘estimate’ the political and socio-economic future of a nation. When there is what societies view as a deviance from the norm when in it comes to young people – often there is what is viewed as a ‘moral panic’. I will be looking at the ‘moral panic’ of youth crime or juvenile delinquency, the role of its ‘moral entrepreneurs’ andRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesA juvenile delinquent offense is an act committed by a juvenile for which an adult would be tried at a criminal court. New statistics give an alarming picture: juvenile delinquency is higher as never before. According to the census bureau, in 2008 there were 1,653,000 recorded delinquent offenses in the United States. This is a 23.6% increase from 1990 when 1,337,000 delinquent offen ses occurred. Today, a lot of people demand lowering the age of criminal responsibility and draconian penalties (JensonRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : The Common Poor Parenting, Socioeconomic Status And Peer Pressure Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile delinquency is one of the most complex, interesting and challenging phenomena in Trinidad and Tobago. In recent years there have been a high proportion of juvenile males being arrested and remanded at the nation’s youth facilities. In 2013, 106 young males were sent to the Youth Training Centre (YTC), for various offences, (Ministry of Justice, 2013). Among these, 25% were arrested for murder, 16% for possession of drugs, 14% for robbery, 3% for breaching of school rules and 6% were beyondRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And Its Effect On Schools Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Juvenile delinquency appears to be increasing daily and this increase has impacted schools, communities and the government. Several years ago, gang violence was the driving force in delinquency and specifically targeted certain groups. More heinous crimes are being committed by youth under the age of 18. The problem continues about where to place the youth based on the crime and also considering their age. The mirroring of delinquency has been perceived by others who are challenged

Native Indians And The Native Americans - 1491 Words

Throughout history from the founding of the New World to what we are today the Native Tribes have been always pushed around. Never able to settle down nor were they able to make peace with the Europeans as they took their land and killed off their tribes. Struggles with disease and European troops, the Native Americans attempted to fight back. Most of the time unsuccessful, but the natives did have their one or two victories. It was almost as if the Natives were nothing but balloons floating in nothing they were just pushed aside when they were not needed for allies for war or slavery. It never got easier for the Native Americans, never given a chance, the Native Americans were constantly forced around and never had a place they could love and call a home. Indian Territory a place of peace for the Native Americans somewhere they could stay and not be bothered. The downside to this territory was that the Indians could not preserve it for so long until settlers started to want the land.†Subsequent treaties and laws gradually reduced the size of the territory† (Powers 1). The reduction of Indian Territory gradually decreased at a fast rate. For Example, due to the settlers pushing the government to hand out land to people the government would try to secretly migrate settlers out to the western lands. The government’s motives were to move and reduce the Indian Territory to as little as possible and with any chance they got the Indians would be moved. â€Å"The Louisiana purchaseShow MoreRelatedNative American Tradition Culture Of Native Indians1338 Words   |  6 Pagesand music, and Native American is no exception. First, the native music related many aspects such as ritual, life and work. They like to combine music w ith dance, and the Native American music always created rich percussion instruments. For example, the hand drum, log drum, water drum and rattle, etc. The Powwow is an important festival and ritual for the Native American, and it is a symbol of the tradition culture of Native Indians. Powwow, is a social gathering by the Native American tribes, and theyRead MoreNative Americans And The American Indians1196 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Indians have lived in the United States since the beginning of this nation. Divided in small groups called tribes, they lived in harmony. With a great sense of spirituality, the Native Americans worshiped nature, the moon, sun, rain, earth, etc. Without exploitation, they learned how to use the natural resources to survive, having as their principal occupation hunting, fishing, and farming. 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Similar to other oppressed groups, there became a time when the American Indians began to stand for who they are and commenced fighting for the demolition of injustice. Because of the increasing need for a voice, members of the Native American communities band together t o create the American Indian Movement (AIM). The initiation of AIM lead to a spur of American Indian non-violentRead MoreRole Of The Native American Indians2201 Words   |  9 Pages Seven Years War in North America: The Role of the Native American Indians Native American Indians played a larger role in the Seven Years War than they tend to be credited in many history books. While it cannot be denied that the Native Americans certainly were used as â€Å"pawns† of the European soldiers, this essential group was also motivated on its own to fight. However, there is little doubt that the Native Americans would not have had involvement in the Seven Years War withoutRead MoreThe Native American Indian Population1293 Words   |  6 Pageschosen is the Native American population, also known as American Indian. Aside from the information given by this course, a Children’s Literature class taken at the Newark branch of the Ohio State University also contributed to my decision. During a lecture there was a guest speaker of Native American descent, she grew up on a reservation, and in her work she wrote and illustrated the Native American culture and lifestyle. Her lecture consisted of the perspective of the Native American pop ulation duringRead MoreEssay On Native American Indians1116 Words   |  5 Pagesprocess which putting together the fictional data set, I sometime had different thoughts pertains to average people ages, and additional key factors to ensure make it more realistic. However, the primarily focus was on the ethnicity of the Native American Indians. When creating male and female participants and creating different age groups and ranges I was able to expand the possible participants and gained a better understanding of the outcome of the fireworks sales. It was put together by utilizedRead MoreNative American Indians Then and Now2085 Words   |  9 PagesNative American Indians Then and Now 1 Native Americans Then and Now By: Melonie Tewewas Allman-Pittman Axia University of Phoenix Native American Indians Then and Now 2 Native American Indians have not changed much in hundreds of years. The Natives still have the same belief as they did from the beginning of time. TheyRead MoreThe Role Of The Native American Indians2082 Words   |  9 Pages2014 Seven Years War in North America: The Role of the Native American Indians Native American Indians played a larger role in the Seven Years War than they tend to be credited in many history books. While it cannot be denied that the Native Americans certainly were used as â€Å"pawns† of the European soldiers, this essential group was also motivated on its own to fight. However, there is little doubt that the Native Americans would not have had involvement in the Seven Years War withoutRead MoreThe Neglect of the Native American Indian802 Words   |  4 PagesNearly every Native American Indian tribe has experienced some kind of neglect or discrimination. The white man has forcefully moved tribes from their homes, broken treaties that were promised to them, and senselessly slaughtered thousands of innocent Indian men, women, and children. This kind of neglect is what led to the Battle of Little Bighorn Creek, a battle that is talked about in The Great Plains, the book I chose my topic from. The reason this subject touched me personally is because

The Frightful Abuse of Human Rights Free Essays

Violence or education as forms of oppression carried out by political groups in Latin America is a reoccurring theme as seen in Argentina and Cuba from earlier essays. Government sponsored â€Å"cloaks of fear† take over the nation and keep the common citizen subdued as seen in Argentina. The process of educating the common person so that he/she would not only understand, but be able to participate in political affairs was a major force in the Cuban revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on The Frightful Abuse of Human Rights or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the 1980’s, Central America saw both violence and education used as political devices to promote or prevent political change. The most common and horrific form of oppression in Central America is violence. Violence can be used to eliminate political competition as seen in El. Salvador â€Å"In November 1980 Alvarez and five top associates were killed by government forces, an act hat eliminated an entire cadre of reformist politicians† (Skidmore Smith: 350). Another example of eliminating a potential threat to the government can be seen in the movie â€Å"Men With Guns†. In this movie a religious leader (Bishop Romero) with some control of people and their political thoughts was considered dangerous by the El. Salvadorian government. Therefore he was assassinated by the military in an attempt to silence his voice and maybe even spread fear throughout the country as others feared what would become of them if they spoke out against the government. This imposement of fear, was another method of using violence to prevent political change. Argentina is the most dominant example of government created ‘fear’ as a weapon against the voice of the people. The acting government or Junta, randomly kidnapped citizens and offered no reason for their actions. In many cases the kidnapped (disappeared) were tortured and killed, their bodies and explanations for what happened never found. The actions of the Guatemalan government during its politically unstable period are a clear example of using violence and fear to repress change as seen in Skidmore and Smith (1997: 357) â€Å"One feature of this entire period†¦ was the frightful abuse of human rights. Paramilitary death squads most notoriously Mano Blanca and Ojo por Ojo, carried on a murderous campaign against political dissenters. No fewer then 80,000 people were killed or â€Å"disappeared between the 1960’s and 1990†. Because people feared that if they spoke out against the government they would face death/torture, many would-be activists sat quietly as the government did whatever it wanted. The only weapon against this ‘cloak of fear’ was to bring in the help of outside nations and expose the atrocities being committed. For example this is what the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo were famous for. They petitioned at a time nobody else would leave their house and they brought the attention of the United Nations and other human rights groups to the current situation in Argentina. However in the case of Guatemala, the government continues their oppression until they see fit to stop it themselves as illustrated by Skidmore Smith (1997: 357-358): â€Å"The government bore at least indirect responsibility for these killings, but world wide protests did not bring much respite†¦By the mid-1980s the Guatemalan military judged their campaign against the Marxist Guerrillas successful enough to allow the election of a civilian president†¦ Under a patina of electoral democracy, the military force continues to predominate in Guatemala†. Violence does not have to be only used as a form of oppression. Violence is sometimes used as a form of combating represent by groups of revolutionary solders. These groups of indigenous (local) solders combine to fight for their political and social rights are called Guerillas. Guerillas and guerilla tactics are spattered all throughout the history of Central America. They live in the mountains or jungles and rely on the locals for food, recruits, and information. Guerillas typically share the same ethnic background and social class, these are the chains that link them together. They use violence and military strategy to combat the unjustness or oppressing governments. Another form of oppression in Central America is education and lack of it. Much of Central America is poverty-stricken and underdeveloped (Skidmore Smith: 1997), this leads to a lack of literacy. By not having the ability to read and understand what is going on politically in their country, the common citizen lacks the knowledge necessary to participate in political affairs. Domineering governments do little to educate the common citizen because doing so would/could make them a dangerous adversary as seen in Hammond (1998: 15) â€Å"To acquire knowledge is to acquire power, or at least it is a necessary first step. Popular education fosters specific skills, personal growth, and critical consciousness among the poor and oppressed. Learning empowers poor people because they prove they can do something they were always told was beyond them†. Education can also be used as a weapon against oppression, as discussed in the book Fighting to Learn. Hammond (1998: 61) describes meetings between solders and their leaders where they discussed political issues and current events. Another issue often stressed in these meetings was the need to spread propaganda and knowledge into civilian communities. Educating the common people can produce many effects, all useful in combating an oppressive government regime. Knowledge and education expose people to multiple views of common issues, therefore allowing them to decide for themselves what is right and wrong. This creates a sense of political and social awareness that combined with the desire for change and the willingness to use violence can be an explosive combination in the fight against oppression. How to cite The Frightful Abuse of Human Rights, Papers

Professional Life of Raffaella-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: How Raffaellas busy professional life can affect development of Ellie? Answer: In recent years of employment, mothers have become almost compulsory in every country and culture. As per recent statistics 75% of the mothers work full time in Australia and generally seek maternity leave for six to four weeks (Hetherington 2014). In a word the mothers are generally back to their professional life while their child is an infant. It has been found that mothers who have worked full time in the first years of the child have low child cognitive scores as compared to the ones that who provide ample time to their child (Lerner et al. 2015). It is evident from the case study that Raff works in a very demanding position in a large non profitable company hence it was not possible for Raff to attend her child 24x7 (Hetherington 2014). It has been found that the mothers who are employed tend to use substitute child care for showing higher levels of sensitivity to the child (Papalia et al. 2012). This kind of sensitivity is arising in mothers due to their increasing financial s ecurity (Lerner et al. 2015). Lahey (2013) have argued that maternal employment is associated with beneficial outcomes if the families are at financial risks (Shonkoff et al 2012). Although employed mothers have brought about financial stability especially in the single parent family and it is evident from the case study that Raff is a 40 year old single mother. There are many factors like the parental availability, parenting styles, presence of absence of siblings, presence or absence of a fatherly figure impacts the life of individual child (Lerner et al. 2015). One of the crucial factors in the social and the emotional development of the child is the capability of the child to create the bond with the parents (Hetherington 2014). It is the parental bonding that makes the child feels safe (Hetherington 2014). Raff works long in her office and the stress that she brings home can affect parenting. Lerner et al. (2015) have stated that if a family contains both the mother and father hen any one of them can at least compensate the care in absence of the other, but in this case Raff is a single mother. The case study reveals the career is very important for Raff, but her Roman Catholic family background have taught her to take responsibilities and balance her work life as well. Hence she has to approach a child care centre for the care of her baby. According to Thompson (2014) children who spend more time in non parental child care centre have an increased chance of infection, respiratory illness and gastrointestinal illness that can contribute to significant child morbidity and can attribute to parental stress and absenteeism. Understanding the essence of human development and caring for the infants require special skills that most of the parents worry about. Infant development is divided into following stages such as cognitive, language, physical and social skills (Lahey 2013). I have searched the topics according to each stage. The knowledge of the different primitive reflexes has helped to understand the physical development in the adults. The knowledge of the sensory development has helped my search strategies to be more specific (Thompson 2014). The case study reveals that the child was irritated and was uncomfortable due to her physical burden. The episodes of excessive crying have helped me to understand that the child was suffering from some mental problems. In order to find out the relevant references regarding the impact of the busy life of parents in life of infants, I have brainstormed through databases like CINAHL, PubMed in search of the peer reviewed journals regarding the theories of child development. Some of the key words that I used for my search are early child hood, Parenting AND employment, employment AND childhood development. Quality references can be got by applying the limiters such as by including the year of publication or full text articles. The articles before 2011 were not taken into account. I have learnt that children are developmental milestones, which reflects their abilities like talking, walking. I have learnt the effect of parenting on child development. I have understood that a conducing environment, holistic care of approach, close bonding with the parents can foster cognitive growth in the child. In order to nourish my future research regarding the developmental stages of infants and how different factors contribute to their growth, I would also use the developmental theories of Piaget or Vysgotsky in order to understand the psychosocial changes in the child. References Hetherington, E.M. ed., 2014. Coping with divorce, single parenting, and remarriage: A risk and resiliency perspective. Psychology Press. Lahey, B. ed., 2013. Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 76). Springer Science Business Media. Lerner, R.M., Liben, L.S. and Mueller, U., 2015. Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science, Cognitive Processes (Vol. 2). John Wiley Sons. Papalia, D.E., Olds, S.W. and Feldman, R.D., 2013. A child's world: Infancy through adolescence. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. Shonkoff, J.P., Garner, A.S., Siegel, B.S., Dobbins, M.I., Earls, M.F., McGuinn, L., Pascoe, J., Wood, D.L., Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health and Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care, 2012. The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), pp.e232-e246. Thompson, R.A., 2014. Stress and child development. The Future of Children, 24(1), pp.41-59

Islam Hajj Essay Example

Islam Hajj Essay Hajj Overview oPilgrimage is the supreme prayer for forgiveness of sins committed and the ultimate preparation for eternity oPilgrimage rituals which must be performed, eg circumambulation of the Ka’ba oThe rites of the Hajj symbolise the essential concepts of Islam and commemorate the trials of the Prophet Ibrahim and his family oHajj: The annual, week-long pilgrimage to Mecca (in modern-day Saudi Arabia), which is the fifth pillar of faith and is therefore an obligation as it is prescribed in the Qur’an. The complete Hajj occurs two months and ten days after Ramadan ends and culminates with ‘Id al-Adha (the Festival of Sacrifice). oIhram: The white garments are symbolic of human equality and unity before God, since all pilgrims are dressed similarly. Money and status are no longer a factor for the pilgrims— the equality of each person before God becomes foremost. oBefore they leave they must pay their debts, provide for for Hajj nd provide for any family that may be left behind. oThe rituals occur in and around Mecca. Before commencing Hajj or entering the holy area of Makkah the pilgrams must prepare themselves for the physical and spiritual journey ahead. This includes †¢Formal washing of the complete body †¢Making intention †¢Putting on the clothing consisting of two seamless pieces of white cloth for males. Females can wear what they like, provided its modest and covers body. †¢Attaining a state of Ihram, a state of purity, peace and honesty > ref raining from sex, flirting, lustful thoughts, wearing shoes or socks. Reciting a prayer that the Hajj is for Allah alone > â€Å"here I am responding to your call O Allah. I am responding to your call. † oThen begins the physical journey of the pilgrim in Makkah. One that will take several days to complete. Significance oMuslims believe that the rites of Hajj were designed by God and taught by the Prophet Muhammad. oThe Hajj is designed to develop God consciousness and a sense of spiritual rebirth. oIt is also believed to be an opportunity to seek forgiveness of sins accumulated throughout life. Prophet Muhammad had said that a person who performs Hajj properly ‘will return as a newly born baby [free of all sins]’. oIt is also an opportunity for Muslims from all over the world to come together to worship the One God. How Hajj Expresses the Belief of Islam oIncorpoates and expresses all the main articles of faith of Islam (beliefs about Allah, his messengers, Muha mmad, the Qur’an, angels, Adam and eve the devil, life, death and the Day of Judgment to come. oTradition has it that Adam and Eve were forgiven by Allah near Mount of Mercy. We will write a custom essay sample on Islam Hajj specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Islam Hajj specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Islam Hajj specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In gratitude Adam built the first Ka’ba but this was washed away in the great flood. oIn the Qur’an there are many references to the Hajj and pilgrimage is mentioned many times. In fact Sura 22 is titled Al-Hajj †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Proclaim the pilgrimage to the people. They will come to you on foot and on every lean camel, they shall come from every deep ravine† Significance of Hajj for the individual and the community o‘The reward for an accepted Hajj is nothing less than paradise’ (Hadith) oMakes present the central beliefs of a muslims religion. It is an obligatory pilgrimage oThey get to see the very places where the Prophet Muhammad lived and to walk in his footsteps is inspirational and strengthening to faith oAn opportunity for spiritual rebirth and the removal of sins, to start again and ‘return like a newborn baby’ (Hadith) oThe rejection of Satan by stoning the three pillars is a physical act that reinforces a spiritual and psycholog ical commitment to reject evil both now and into the future oThe pilgrims state of Ihram is one of purity and humility. Here they are at peace with Allah, with themselves, with other Muslims and with all of creation. This memory will stay with them and they will try to recreate this in their everyday lives. oWithin Hajj the unity and universality of Islam are highlighted and strengthened. oHajj is the largest annual peace gathering in the world with over 2 million people gathering each year to pray together and be at peace with each other and with creation. oHajj reminds all Muslims of the Day of Judgement when all will assemble and be judged on their intentions. Conclusion Islam, the world’s second most followed religion can be summed up in the two sentences: ‘There is no god but God’ and ‘Muhammad is the messenger of God’. Everyone and everything depends upon Allah and it is through the guidance of the Qur’an and the example set by the Prophet’s life that Muslims cultivate an understanding of God and surrender themselves to the will of God. The relationship between the individual and God and with the community is expressed in the living out of the five pillars and following Shari‘a. Throughout its history, there have been shifts in how Islam views signifi cant people and schools of thought, and the modern world has brought new challenges to Islamic jurisprudence in regard to ethical issues. Muslims living in Australia have not always found it easy to ‘live out’ their religion according to Shari‘a and have had to confront misconceptions about their beliefs and practices. Today, however, the practices of Islam are a normal part of Australia’s religious landscape.

Computer Crime Hacking Research Paper Example

Computer Crime Hacking Research Paper Example Computer Crime Hacking Paper Computer Crime Hacking Paper Section 1: A brief description of the issue I have chosen to study, in particular indicating how my area of interest has changed since the project proposal, either because the actual issue has evolved since the initial proposal, or as a result of tutor feedback, or as a result of your research. Hacking involves using a computer to gain unauthorized access to another computer system. Although at first hacker was a positive term for a person with a mastery of computers who could push programs beyond what they were designed to do, it has by now become almost synonymous with illegal activities like breaking into protected computer systems, releasing viruses, stealing passwords or other sensitive data, denial of service so on. In my project proposal, I was only interested in the event of hacking crime and how hacking perpetrates a crime. As a result of my research, I have changed my interested area to the motivation and mentality of hacking, why hacking perpetrates a computer crime and finding solution to overcome hacking. Unnumbered hacking crimes happens everyday. And the number of hacking crimes is still increase everyday. So overcome the hacking crime must be imperative under this situation. If we want to overcome hacking crime, not only know the motivation and mentality of hacking and why hacking perpetrates a computer crime, but we also need to research the participants of hacking and the rank of importance of difference participants. From analysis hacking, I should find out some appropriate solutions of hacking crime. Although hacking has already become synonymous with illegal activities or computer crime, hacking also refers as great skill and knowledge of computing. If hacking can performance following the ethical standard, hacking is also a kind of power that can advance technology and society development. Section 2: A description of the ethical choices involved in my issue. Where possible I should indicate both sides of the dilemma. My issue is concerned with control in use of computers and the development of computer systems. I think there is a line between right side and wrong side of my issue hacking. The line should be the computing ethics. First, I will talk about the right side of the hacking in my opinion. Hacking involves using a computer to gain unauthorized access to another computer system. It acts requiring great skill and knowledge of computer systems. No system or software is one hundred percent secure and safe. With the help of hacking we can detect system or software security problems. And we can detect new flaws and bugs all the time. Therefore we need to build newer and better versions of software to overcome the found flaws and bugs. If there is no hacking in the world, the technology wont have advanced to todays standard and we wont have the improvement in software and system that we have today. So the hacking can advance the development of computer system. Hackers only need all information should be free. If all information were free there would be no computer crime happens. It would save money, time, and resource to do the protection of the system or software. So hacking advance the freedom of information. Hackers are doing no harm and changing nothing. The hacking cannot cause assault and battery to anybody. Hacking merely learns how systems operate. Hacking doesnt disturb human natural life. But in my opinion the hacking has another wrong side. Although hacking doesnt cause assault and battery to anybody directly, it usually performances activities like breaking into protected computer systems, releasing viruses, stealing passwords or other sensitive data, denial of service so on. And public announcements of hacking may affect customer trust and privacy. So hacking is damaging computer ethics, peoples privacy, and human rights. Hacking has already perpetrated a crime. So we need to detect and overcome hacking. But overcoming and detecting hacking usually spends high cost of time, resource, and money. So hacking is the reason to run to waste. In conclusion, if it performances following the ethical standard, hacking will seemed to be right and should be developed. If it perpetrates a crime and does harm to human and society, hacking will seemed to be wrong and be overcome. Section 3 An identification of the primary, secondary and implied participants in the issue. Primary participants * Hacker has extraordinary programming skill, cleverness in the face of difficulty, an ability to suspend all other activities while producing a solution to a problem, an appreciation for a clever solution to a seemingly insignificant problem and uses a computer to gain unauthorized access to another computer system. * Company, be hacked, computer system be broke in or password is stolen, the casualty in hacking crime. Secondary participants * Programmer, has sound programming skill, responsible for developing system and maintaining system * System analyst, responsible for doing researching and analyzing system, making decisions in the development of the system, and testing the system. * The customer, who is the customer of the company that is hacked, who is the user of the software or system that is hacked Implied participants * Students, be clever, have enough time to commit a crime, love computer, and have extraordinary programming skill. [primary implied participant] * Programmer, who built software to detect system or software security problems and the software, is misused by hacker. [primary implied participant] * Company white collar, uses computer every day and has sound internet skill. [secondary implied participant] Section 4 Outline of key points, actions or decisions in the issue, and a justification or discussion about those key points, actions or decisions. You should try to use ethical and professional principles in your justification discussion. The motivation of hacking * Economic motive I read an article about the hackers in a magazine. A pressman asks a hacker: why do you hack? The hacker answers: For money. Most of hacker hack computer for heist money. They use their greater computing skill and knowledge to gain unauthorized access to another computer system easily. After they break in the system, they can heist money as they wish. There is a case about the economic motive of hacking: In late 1980s, First National Bank of Chicago is the victim of a $70-million computer heist.[www.sptimes.com/Hackers/story_level.html; Article Title: A history of hacking] According the case above, we can see in that event First National Bank lost 70 millions dollars. First National Bank is the direct victim of this event. And the customer is the indirect victim of this event. The hacking has damages the customers natural life and human rights. The hacking in this case has perpetrated a crime and not been ethical. * Occupationally related Some employers dont satisfy the employees. Therefore the employers hack the companys computer system to retaliate the employer. The employers break in the companys computer system to distribute computer virus, maliciously delete companys important files, or make some changes of companys account to obtain fraudulent credit. If the employers do like that, the employers have perpetrated a crime. Because the employers damage the company, and customer trust and privacy by hacking. Finally the employer will be punished by lawing. * Understanding systems Some companies usually find some hackers to hack companies new system. Every company wants to build a security and safe computer system. But there is no one hundred percent security and safe system in the real-world. The company wants to find the bugs, flaws and any other problems with the help of hacking system. So the company finds some hackers using different great computing skill to hack the new system to detect the problems as soon as possible before the system is used. Hacking can advance the development of computing system. In that way, hacking will be professional ethical. * To find stimulate and challenge Some people like to hack computer systems because they want to find stimulate challenge. Most of this kind of people is student. Student has enough time, computing skill or knowledge, and curiosity to hack computer systems. I heart a case that several years ago, two students hacked U.S. National Defense Department computer system. At last, the two students were caught. Because hacking a computer system without the permission of the host or the owner of the system is an illegal activity. Breaking into computer system with unauthorized access is also not ethical, because it damages the department security. All above show that, if the motivation of hacking is for self economic motive, heist money, retaliation or any other things, it will be seemed not ethical. If the motivation of hacking is for advancing the development of system or software, it will be seemed professional ethical. In another word to say if you hack a computer system with the permission of the host or the owner of the system, your action will be ethical and legal. If not, your action will be not ethical and illegal. And greater the crime you perpetrated, higher the gallows you will be punished. Characteristic of hacking * Learning something special of a programming language or system Hacking is a special skill in using programming language that cannot be learned from the lecture of university. Someone wants to learn the special things of programming or system from that. * Producing and practicing the programming is better than just theorizing about it Hacking is more important in practicing programming. If you just theorizing programming and never producing/practicing programming, you will never hack system successfully. * Appreciating someone elses hacking Hacking doesnt only need great skill and knowledge, it also needs interesting. Some hacker doesnt know what is hacking before becoming a hacker. He will know hacking from appreciating someone elses hacking. He is interesting in hacking and start to learning harking. * Learning a new programming language fast A good hacker must have the capable to learn a new programming language fast. In the real-world, the technology is changing and increasing fast. And the system is building more security and safe using different and new technology. So a good hacker should have the capable to learn a new programming language fast to fit the real world. * Hacking needs great computing skill and knowledge Hacking a system means breaking in a system. It doesnt only need to know how to build a system, but also needs to know how to find a bug or flaws in the system to break in the system. So hacking need great computing skill and knowledge. From the characteristics of hacking you can know hacking is a very professional speciality. It needs a person have great programming skill and knowledge, cleverness in the face of difficulty, an ability to suspend all other activities while producing a solution to a problem, an appreciation for a clever solution to a seemingly insignificant problem. If the hacking doesnt follow the computing ethical standard that damaging computer ethics, peoples privacy, human rights and our natural life, it must be overcome as soon as be detected. If the hacking follows the computing ethical standard that advance the development of system and IT industry, it will be gone on developing.

The assignment should be presented as a Journal opinion article and

The should be presented as a Journal opinion article and address an economic issue of current interest to Wall Street - Assignment Example Louis named James Bullard revealed that the outlook of different monetary policies is incessantly enhancing the turbulent financial scenario along with mitigating the challenges resulting from inflationary pressures by a greater level. Moreover, Bullard proclaimed that the enhancement in the financial landscape might assist in slowing down the tempo of buying bonds at large (Derby, â€Å"Fed's Bullard: Weak Inflation May Argue for More Fed Stimulus†). Relating to the article, Bullard affirmed that though the conditions of the labour market have enhanced, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) can slow down the pace of purchasing bonds. But, the rise of the crucial aspect concerning weak inflation might reveal that FOMC would have to raise its tempo in buying bonds (Derby, â€Å"Fed's Bullard: Weak Inflation May Argue for More Fed Stimulus†). This can be justified with reference to the other article i.e. â€Å"Fed head says low inflation may warrant prolonging bond-bu ying program† which presented by Steve Matthews and Greg Quinn that the vital concern of weak inflation below 2 percent target of the Central Bank may raise the extensive usage of bond buying for the purpose of developing financial position and most significantly lessening the rate of unemployment. It has been apparently observed in this particular article that the FOMC will continue to purchase bonds until the conditions of the labour market enhanced considerably. In response, Bullard proclaimed that this major decision of FOMC can be related with an important concern. In this regard, the significant concern has been viewed to be the consideration of low-interest charges that can be linked with extreme risk-taking especially in the financial business markets by FOMC (Matthews and Quinn, â€Å"Fed head says low inflation may warrant prolonging bond-buying program†). According to the article â€Å"Fed Stimulus Stays Strong† which presented by Joseph Cafariello, it can be viewed that FOMC tends or promises to buy extra agency based mortgage-backed securities at $40 billion and also long-term based Treasury securities at $45 billion on a monthly basis with the motive of attaining certain additional benefits. These benefits comprise preserving downward pressure resulting from the imposition of interest charges that are long term, assisting mortgage markets and most vitally making wider financial circumstances much more accommodative among others. Furthermore, Cafariello argued in the article that the committee is quite prepared to raise or lessen its purchase of bonds or securities by taking into concern the prevailing conditions of the labour market. Similarly, it has been viewed in the article that like FOMC, the FED is also keeping itself much open towards raising or lessening purchase of bonds or securities as financial conditions necessitate. As mentioned in the article, both FOMC and the FED is much concerned towards increasing or lesseni ng their respective pace of buying bonds or securities owing to the reason that different fiscal policies are restraining financial growth by a greater level and most vitally weakening the economy at large (Cafariello, â€Å"Fed Stimulus Stays Strong†). In accordance with the article i.e. â€Å"Fed's Bullard: Weak Inflation May Argue For More Fed Stimulus† which presented by Michael S. Derby, it can be apparently observ

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Research Paper Example Whatever a child learns in his/her tender age leaves an indelible expression on his mind for the entire life. Socializing agents thus play an important role in establishing one’s persona and making him/her a better citizen. Parents, Media, Peers and School are the major socializing agents. The mass media are impersonal communication aimed at a wider audience. Television, Radio, Internet, Cinemas are various examples of mass media. Mass media, in general influences every man of every age. It spreads information at wider scale therefore it strongly influences one’s opinions, views and thus changing and affecting our attitudes about many things. Television is a main source of entertainment and a major agent of socialization. Mass media influences our political views, views on women, people of color, our taste in popular culture, what to buy and various other beliefs and practices. Through the portrayal of imaginary characters in different programs and advertisements media helps in projecting gender, political, religious, perceptions. Some programs effect people’s orientation towards life and society as well. It also serves as a platform to present their ideas to the world when required. Writer 2 After his parents and caregivers, within the comforts of his home, a child gets the exposure to mass media in the form of radio, listening to the nursery rhymes and then watching them on television in the form of various adaptations and characters. Some studies indicate that the children learn to work together, do group activities, value each other’s presence by means of character description or story adaptations. Some programs for kids like Noggin promote healthy eating and exercise. Wiggles promote education on nutrition and activity. Sesame Street teaches healthy life style and new numbers and alphabets in a playful way. There are meaningful and informative programs for school going children and adults. Thus right programs serve as educating and learning tools. No doubt, Television and media in general serves as educational and informational tool but it has negative influences on children. Studies indicate it shortens attention span, distorts body image and in conjunction with other factors leads to obesity. â€Å".. the mass media socialize children, adolescents, and even adults; a key question is the extent to which media violence causes violence in our society† (Surette, 2011). Some programs showing excessive violence and anti social activities influence children behavior thus spreading violence in the society. Certain advertisements target kids and affect their thinking. Models, famous movie stars and popular sports man who are the role models are shown smoking which appears as an acceptable norm to the children. Another example is presentation of women image on television as sexual object or as a passive home maker leaves a negative impression on kids mind. Models and movie stars endorse beauty products and cosmetic uplift which encourages young girls to experiment with it. Anorexia, bulimia, depression and low self esteem are the outcome of these influences. Another controversy that surrounds mass media is the Writer 3 behavior troubles among youth. By the time the kids reach their adolescence, these influences become prominent on their thought processes. Drugs, violence, petty crimes to satisfy their urges and requirement as they have been watching on the television or in cinemas become acceptable norm for them. Some programs sho

Analyse Different Chilli Peppers Biology Essay

Analyse Different Chilli Peppers Biology Essay The purpose of this project was to analyse different chilli peppers and hot sauces for their Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin content but concentration was focused more on the analysis of different chillies than sauces. Samples of chillies were refluxed using Ethanol as an extraction solvent and sauces were untrasonicated using Methanol. The extracts were filtered and analysed via Reverse phase HPLC-UV Vis technique. A number of experiments were performed to optimise the method that has been previously used for analysis of chilli peppers. The first experiment conducted was to optimise the duration of reflux time required to obtain a good yield of Capsaicin. Results showed that 1hr is sufficient for the extraction of Capsaicin. A variety of chilli peppers and sauces were analysed so as to ascertain the hottest pepper. In general all samples had good detection. Different parts of chillies were also examined to establish which part contains the highest concentration of Capsaicin and Endoc arp was found to be the hottest part. The reproducibility of the method was also investigated and the sample showed to have a low RSD value. 1. Introduction Next to Jazz music, theres nothing that lifts the spirit and strengthens the soul more than a good bowl of chillies. Harry James (Late American musician) Loved by millions for their hot and sizzling flavours, the chilli peppers have become very popular over the period of time and are being grown in almost in all parts of the world, with Asia being the biggest producer of chillies followed by Mexico and the U.S. In traditional Indian medical system, chilli is used as way of stimulating the digestion and is also believed to be a natural pain killer. The red chilli peppers are also a source of potassium, magnesium and iron and vitamin C. 1.1 Why Are They So Hot? The heat sensation in chillies is caused by a class of chemicals, called the Capsaicinoids. These compounds are found in members of the capsicum family of plants. Capsaicinoids themselves belong to a group called Vanilloids i.e. containing the Vanillyl group [3dchem.com] Figure 1.1 [ en.wikipedia.org] All Capsaicinoids have same functional groups and differ only in length of hydrocarbon chain. The most common of Capsaicinoids compounds is Capsaicin which is the major constituent of chilli peppers and also responsible for their pungent taste. [3d chem.] 1.2 Structure of Capsaicins: Capsaicin figure 1.2.1 Dihydrocapsaicin figure 1.2.2 Nordihydrocapsaicin figure 1.2.3 Homocapsaicin figure 1.2.4 Homodihydrocapsaicin figure 1.2.5 Out of all the Capsaicins, the capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin are the major constituents of Capsaicinoids (make up 80-90% of capsaicinoids). 1.3 Cis-trans isomerism in Capsaicin [3dchem] Capsaicin can exhibit cis-trans isomerism due to the presence of C=C bond. The double bond prevents the molecule to rotate freely internally, therefore, giving rise to stereo isomers. Cis isomer of the capsaicin is less stable and has higher energy due to steric hindrance. As the methyl groups are in close proximity to each other it causes repulsion between them and hence making it a less stable arrangement due to this added strain. Trans isomer on the contrary has methyl groups further apart and doesnt have any steric hindrance, making it a more stable/low energy arrangement. Therefore, the Capsaicin is always found in the Trans isomer. Figure 1.3.1 [http://www.homesteadcollective.org/mpg/science/majorcrap5.shtml] 1.4 Scoville Scale The scale for measuring the extent of heat in chillies was first invented by an American Chemist Wilbur Lincoln Scoville in 1912. The test he devised is known as the Scoville Organoleptic test in which he had a group of volunteers to taste the chillies on their own and later diluted them with sugar and water until they didnt have any burning sensation left. The resulting dilution factor was called the Scoville heat value of the sample and a number was then assigned to each sample of chilli i.e. Scoville unit, to ascertain the amount of dilution a chilli needs before its hot flavour dies away. [3d.chem] Table 1.4.1 Scoville heat values for Capsaicinoids [g6csy.net] Molecule Strength /Scoville units Capsaicin 16.1 million Dihydrocapsaicin 16.1 million Nordihydrocapsaicin 9.3 million Homocapsaicin 6.9 million Homodihydrocapsaicin 8.1 million The hottest capsaicin found is in the chilli known as Naga Jolokia, grown in India and has Scoville strength of 855,000-105, 0000 units. The Habanero (Mexican chilli) are the runners-up with Scoville rating range of 200,000-300, 0000. g6csy.net As mentioned earlier, in addition to Capsaicins being used as food additives, they have important medicinal benefits and are known as Phytochemicals.[3dchem.com] Due to having pharmaceutical and antioxidant properties, its widely used in anti-flammatory creams and ointments and also used as a counter irritant in surgical dressings and medicines. Moreover, they are also being used in nutritional supplements for pain relief and Arthritis. [cals.ncsu.edu] 1.5. Extraction Methods for Capsaicin Different methods have been devised as a way of extracting capsaicin from chilies and sauces. The simplest technique is to dissolve chilies in a polar solvent and placing the mixture on hot plates for half an hour and then filtering the extract via simple/vacuum filtration and making up with Methanol (100 ml). The other techniques more efficient for extraction are as follows: 1.5.1 Solid Phase Extraction or SPE This technique is particularly useful in extracting capsaicin as it requires pre-treating the sample prior to analysis. This reduces the amount of unwanted components that may interfere with the analysis. The extraction is completed in 4 steps: Conditioning the cartridge: This involves activating the cartridge by passing the sample through it to achieve same conditions with in the cartridge (e.g. to achieve same pH, composition etc as the sample). Retention: The sample is applied to the cartridge and either contaminants are retained and analyte is flushed through the cartridge. Other way used is holding the analyte with in the column and the unwanted components are passed through the column. Rinsing: The cartridge is then rinsed with distilled water to wash off the impurities. Elution: The last step is to elute the sample with appropriate solvent and the extract can then be used for analysis. 1.5.2 Reflux As demonstrated in this project, this method involves refluxing the chilies in methanol for appropriate duration. The reflux time required can be optimized by refluxing samples for different durations to establish the optimum time required by the capsaicin to leach. 1.5.3 Ultrasonication This method can be used for extracting the capsaicin from sauces or capsaicin based creams in short time. The samples are soaked in Ethanol and placed in the ultrasonic bath for half an hour at high temperature. The ultrasonic vibrations release the capsaicin from the samples. 1.5.4 Supercritical fluid extraction or SCFE In this method, the extraction solvent used is a super critical fluid. A super critical fluid (SCF) is a compound above its critical temperature and pressure. Therefore, an SCF is neither a liquid nor a gas. Hence, a super critical fluid has properties similar to liquids i.e. dissolving compounds and also gas like properties e.g. transportation. SCFE also minimizes the matrix components. Due to these capabilities, this method is more efficient and quicker than the other extraction methods. Carbon dioxide and water are the most commonly used SCF. This technique has a variety of applications in food, petrol, and pharmaceutical industries. 1.6. Previous research on Capsaicin Capsaicin has been widely studied and researched by various organisations and institutions but insufficient literature has been published with respect to the analysis of chilli peppers and sauces. In this section, three articles will be discussed as all three papers deal with the analysis of chillies and sauces relevant to this project. The first literature ¹ investigated the concentration of Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin in the Habanero peppers using Super Critical Fluid Extraction method (SCFE). In addition to the analysis of Habanero whole peppers, different parts of chilli were also examined for their Capsaicin content. The Habanero peppers were obtained from two different locations: Cunningham Research station and Bailey Farm (located in North Carolina, US). The peppers were cut into seeds and shells and prior to extraction, the samples from Bailey farms were prepared fresh, oven dried and freeze dried and samples from Cunningham station were prepared in oven and freeze dried states. The whole peppers and seeds/shells samples were extracted using three polar solvents i.e. Methanol, Acetone and Acetonitrile. The Method for SCFE is as follows as stated in the literature: Fresh, oven and freeze dried preparations (0.5g dry weight) were extracted using a biomass: solvent loading of 15% (w/v) based on the initial moisture of the pepper samples/parts. Sample and solvent mixtures were homogenised in 50ml conical glass tubes and placed in a shaking water bath (50 °C). The extracts (2ml each) were then filtered and stored at -20 °C until the analysis. The preliminary work suggested that 1hr is sufficient to get good yield of capsaicin. The extracts were then analysed using Reverse-phased HPLC with UV VIS Detector. The HPLC was equilibrated with capsaicin standards (10, 30,50ppm). The mobile phase composition was isocratic at 60:40 (Acetonitrile: Water with acetic acid (pH 3)). The researchers of this project compared the capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin concentrations from both locations. The results showed that the Cunningham stations peppers had higher concentration of capsaicin in comparison with the Bailey farms chillies but the Bailey Farms pepper had higher amount of Dihydrocapsaicin than the Cunninghams. The results suggested that samples that were oven dried and extracted with Acetone gave maximum yields of the Capsaicinoids. This literature also suggested that regardless of the solvent type and preparation state used, seed has the highest amount of capsaicin. The researchers suggested the reason for differences in capsaicin concentration was due to different environments the fruits are cultivated e.g. chemicals used, weather conditions etc. The second literature ² deals with the analysis of three Capsaicinoids i.e. levels of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin in different chillies, sauces and arthritis creams via reverse phased HPLC. This research employed a solvent extraction technique which involved addition of ethanol (extraction solvent) to the samples of ground chillies, sauces and creams and placing the samples on hot plates for 30mins. After cooling and filtration, the extracts were transferred into flasks (100ml) and made up to the mark with Ethanol. 5ml was withdrawn from this sample and filtered again into a syringe filter cartridge (0.45 µm pore size). This aliquot was then used for the analysis. A 1000ppm standard stock solution was used to make standard capsaicin solutions ranging from 1-50ppm and ran through HPLC. The mobile phase in this research was made up of ACN, water and phosphoric acid (0.1%).The UV detector was set at 280nm and 205nm to determine samples responses at different wavelengths. In addition, Isocratic and Gradient elution were used. The findings from this journal suggested that Capsaicinoids present in very little concentrations (e.g. 0.5ppm) were detected better at 205nm wavelength using gradient elution rather than Isocratic method. However, results also indicated that for analysis of Capsaicinoids present in greater concentrations, Isocratic elution and UV wavelength at 280nm. The concentrations of the Capsaicinoids were expressed in terms of the Scoville units and the value calculated for the Habanero peppers (150,000) in this experiment was different to the literature value range (200,000-300,000). The researchers attributed this fact to variations in the environment e.g. weather etc. The third literature ³ determined the capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin content in chilli peppers. The chillies were grounded for 10mins and Acetonitrile (30ml) was added to the crushed peppers and again grounded for 20mins. The solid residue was filtered and an aliquot (1ml) was made up to the mark with Acetonitrile. (in 10 ml flask). The extraction method used in this work was Solid Phase Extraction (SPE): An SPE cartridge was conditioned with Acetonitrile, methanol and water and the capsaicin extract (10ml) was then applied to the cartridge and the analyte was eluted with methanol (4ml) and then again with 1 ml of methanol (containing 1% acetic acid). The analytes were then run through reverse phase HPLC using UV-VIS detector (at 281nm); mobile phase consisted of 77:33 (Methanol: Water). The HPLC was eluted first with the standards so as to obtain the calibration graphs. The Capsaicinoids concentration of different chillies was expressed in Scoville heat units (similar to literature 2). The results showed that Habanero is the hottest amongst all peppers that were analysed i.e. Scoville heat value of 276,000 which corresponded to the literature value range. The least hot pepper was Jalapeno (41,000 Scoville heat units). 1.6.1 Comparison of three papers: The researches have used different techniques to extract the Capsaicinoids i.e. SCFE and SPE. However, the extraction technique used in this project was Reflux (for chillies) and Ultrasonication (for sauces). The extractions were successful and all samples in general were detected which indicates that more than one method can be employed as a way of extracting the Capsaicinoids from chillies and sauces. Various parameters were manipulated as part of method development in literature 2 e.g. Isocratic/gradient elution and different wavelengths. Similarly in Literature 1 three preparation states and three solvents were used to determine what state/solvent gives maximum yield of Capsaicinoids. Literature 1 also suggested that the hottest part with in the chilli is the seeds, however, the findings of this project have shown that the Endocarp contains the highest amount of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. This is indicative of the fact that the amount of Capsaicinoids can vary even with in d ifferent parts of chilli. However, all researches discussed as well as this project has used polar solvents to extract the analytes and the analytical technique used was reverse phase HPLC which indicates its usefulness in the capsaicin analysis in particular. Once an analyte of interest has been extracted, it can be analysed by a process called Chromatography. 1.7 Chromatography The word Chromatography originates from Greek; Chroma means colour and graphein implies to write. [Skoog West Analytical Chem 7th Edition page 646] The history of this separative technique dates back to early twentieth century when it was developed by a Russian Botanist Mikhail Tswett in 1903[D kealy Instant notes]. He used this method for separation of various plant pigments and samples were passed through a calcium carbonate column. The separated analytes were identified as they left coloured bands on the column. [Skoog West Ana Chem 7th Page 646]. Since its invention by the Russian Scientist, this method has been modified and developed in many forms to give quantitative (amount of the analyte present) and qualitative analysis (identification of the unknowns) of complex mixtures. [d.Kealey instant notes page 119]. Separation in Chromatography is achieved by passing the sample mixture through the stationary phase by continuous flow of a mobile phase. This process is known as Elution. Hence, the chromatographic separation depends on the differences in the distribution ratios of the sample components between the stationary and mobile phase. Therefore, this capability of an analyte to migrate at different rates in both phases gives separation over a period of time and distance travelled. [D Kealey page 120] Kx= Cs/Cm, where kx is the equilibrium partition coefficient and Cs and Cm are molar concentrations of analyte in mobile and stationary phase. There are two types of Chromatography techniques: Year 2 notes page 25-26 1.7.1 Planar Chromatography In this method, the stationary phase is composed of a flat bed of material which is made up of an adsorbed layer distributed evenly over a sheet of glass, plastic or Aluminum (known as Thin Layer Chromatography or TLC) Paper Chromatography is also another type of Planar Chromatography in which the stationary phase is a sheet of cellulose material. 1.7.2 Column Chromatography In this method, the stationary phase is a glass or metal column on to which the stationary phase is tightly packed onto a column where separation takes place. Examples of Column chromatography are Gas Chromatography, High Performance Liquid Chromatography etc. 1.7.3 Chromatogram The plot of detector response Vs elution time is known as the Chromatogram. [Year 2 notes page 25]. Figure 1.7.3.1 [http://www.clu-in.org/characterization/technologies/images/retention.gif] 1.7.4 Retention time In the above figure is a typical chromatogram and term tr is the time taken by the analyte to elute the column, known as Retention time. [year 2 notes page 28] 1.7.4 Dead time [d Kealey page 121] Indicated as tm in the fig is referred to the dead time this is defined as the retention time required by the non retained species (i.e. mobile phase molecule) to pass through the column. A good Chromatogram should have well defined peaks having correct shape and symmetry (i.e. Gaussian shape), eluted in reasonable retention time (tr not too long or too short) and should be separated from the extraneous peaks. [Year 2 notes page 29] 1.8 Describing a Chromatogram There are four parameters used in chromatography that evaluate the quality of a chromatogram. These are: 1.8.1 The Capacity Factor, K It is the amount of mobile phase required to elute a particular peak. The K is calculated for the first and the last peak. This factor is particularly useful when establishing the best mobile phase composition in the HPLC. K can be calculated as following: K= (tr-tm)/tm where tr is the retention time and tm is the dead time. A Chromatogram having well separated peaks in good retention time will have K values between 2-8. 1.8.2 The Selectivity Factor, ÃŽÂ ± This is the ability of a system to separate two analytes (A and B) and is calculated by: ÃŽÂ ±= trb tm/ tra- tm, where trb and tra are the retention times of analytes A and B. A system where peaks are clearly separated has a value of ÃŽÂ ± > 1 1.8.3 The Resolution factor, Rs This determines the ability of a system to resolve two peaks that elute very close to each other. And can be calculated by: Rs = 2 (trb-tra)/Wa+ Wb where tra and trb are retention times and Wa and Wb are the peak widths of analyte A and B. The value of Rs > 1.5 for a good quality chromatogram. 1.8.4 The Efficiency Factor [ D kealey page 126-127] When separation takes place in a column, the chromatographic separation can be evaluated by the resolution factor, Rs or the efficiency factor. The efficiency is defined as the number of theoretical plates in a column. This factor evaluates the extent of band broadening of the analyte peaks. Increasing the number of plates and reducing their heights gives better efficiency and vice versa. The plate height can be calculated using: H= L/N where L is the length of the column (in mm usually) and N is the number of plates. The efficiency factor N is calculated by: N= 16 (tr/W) ² for a peak with a good baseline N= 5.54 (tr/W1/2) ² for a peak with a poor baseline and W1/2 is the width at half the maximum height of the peak. (year 2 notes 42-43) 1.8.5 Band Broadening As an analyte passes down a column, the peaks become shorter and broader due to various factors that cause band broadening. The Van Deemter Equation explains the reason for the band broadening: H= A+ (B/u) + Cu where H is the plate height and u is the linear velocity of the mobile phase. Other variables in the equation are explained below: A- Eddy Diffusion: As the mobile phase carries the sample components through the stationary phase, some components pass through the column in a straight line whilst other may that are retained longer by the stationary phase may deviate from the straight path and cause the peaks or bands to be broader. If evenly sized particles are used for packing the stationary phase, then the Eddy diffusion can be minimized. B- Longitudinal Diffusion: If the mobile phase is travelling at low velocities, then the analyte will spend more time in the column as analytes diffuse into the mobile phase. This longitudinal diffusion contributes towards peak broadening and can be minimized by an increasing the flow rate of the mobile phase. The increased velocity will reduce the retention time resulting in decreased effects caused by this phenomenon. [Veronica HPlc page 17-19] C-Mass transfer: As discussed earlier in this section, the separation depends on the ability of the analyte to distribute itself between the stationary and mobile phase. As the mobile phase is constantly flowing, the true equilibrium distribution of the analyte is never established. This leads to increased retention times and thus resulting in peak broadening. [d kealey page 124] 5. High Performance Liquid Chromatography or HPLC HPLC is a form of liquid chromatography which provides both qualitative and quantitative information about complex mixture samples in short time. The stationary phase in this technique is made up of very small fine particles and the sample is forced through the column by mobile phase solvents under high pressure, hence also bearing the name High Pressure Liquid Chromatography. [page 1 Veronica HPLC]. 5.1 Mobile phase in HPLC The main requirement for this technique is that the analyte must be soluble in the mobile phase as the mobile phase carries the sample mixture through the column where separation takes place. Therefore, if the analyte interacts with the mobile strongly, it will elute the column faster, leading to shorter retention times. [page 66 Chromatographic separations]. The mobile phase can either be a single solvent or different solvents combinations may be used. After suitable mobile phase has been chosen, the system can be set at isocratic or gradient conditions. In Isocratic conditions, the chosen ratio of solvents remains constant throughout the analysis e.g. in this project Isocratic mobile phase used for analysis. In contrast, the gradient mobile phase can be changed over the period of time. [Year 2 notes ]. 1.9 Stationary phase in HPLC The stationary phase in HPLC consists of a solid made out of micro porous material packed into the metal column. Silicas or modified Silicas with nonpolar organic groups attached are commonly used as column packing material. Out of all stationary phases used in HPLC, Octadecyl silica known as ODS or C18 is most extensively used due to its ability to separate the analyte components with high, intermediate and low polarities. Other stationary phases used in HPLC are Aminopropyl, Nitile, Sulphonic acid, quaternary Amines etc [d. kealey 159-161] Elution in HPLC is carried out by determining the extent of interactions of the analyte with the stationary and mobile phases. The degree of separation of the sample components depend on their migration rates and distribution ratios in both phases. 1.9.1 Normal and Reverse phase HPLC In normal phase HPLC (adsorption chromatography), the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase which is weakly polar. The separations are based on the relative polarities of the sample components. For instance, if species A is more polar than the species B, A will have strong affinity for the stationary phase and will be held in the column longer. This will result in species A having long retention time compared to B. Thus, in normal phase HPLC, least polar analyte elutes first. In Reverse phase HPLC (bonded phase chromatography), the stationary phase in non polar and the mobile phase solvents used are polar. This phase is governed by the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the analytes. Most polar analyte elutes first and vice versa. As Capsaicinoids are relatively non polar, therefore, if the mobile phase polarity in reverse phase is increased then the analyte will have stronger affinity for the stationary phase and therefore will spend more time in the column, leading to long retention times. The mobile phase solvents used in Reverse phase HPLC are water or aqueous buffer with an organic solvent. The use of protons in mobile phase composition improves the peak shape and travels in column quickly. [http://ionsource.com/tutorial/chromatography/rphplc.htm#Solvents] 1.9.2 HPLC Instrumentation Figure 1.9.2.1 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-CdTU5X4HA] Pump: In HPLC solvent delivery system, the pump is used to deliver the mobile phase solvents to the column under high pressure. Most commonly used pumps are reciprocating pumps. The pumps used should be free of corrosion, must supply an accurate and controlled flow rate and should be pulse free. The HPLC solvents for mobile phase must be degassed to ensure they are pure and free of any contaminants. This is done by passing an inter gas through the solvent reservoir in vacuum degasser. Injector: The sample is injected through syringe into the injector port. The injection system must not interrupt the flow of mobile phase and should deliver sample into the column in small volumes (5-500 µL). Column: Most commonly used HPLC column is 25cm in length, internal diameter of 4-6mm and particle size of 5 µm. 1.9.3 Detectors in HPLC When the sample components elute the column at different rates, they pass through the detector, and the information form the detector is then displayed in the form of a chromatogram. 1.9.4 UV-Vis Detector The detector is set at a specific wavelength which will be absorbed by the analyte. The degree of absorbance of UV radiation by the analyte is proportional to its concentration. (Beer Lambert law) 1.9.5 Diode array Detector or DAD The Diode Array detector is a type of UV Vis Detector [D Kealey page 162]. When the sample reaches the sensor cells, UV radiation is shone on the analyte. The light source mostly used is a Deuterium lamp. After light passes through the cell, its dispersed onto the photosensitive diodes via diffraction grating or quartz prism. Every diode in the array detects different wavelengths. The measure of differences in extent of absorbance at different wavelengths by the sample components results in their identification and also gives information about the concentration of the analytes. [http://www.chromatography-online.org/topics/diode/array.html] Other detectors used in HPLC are Fluorescence, refractive index, electrochemical detectors etc. [d Kealey 163-165] Figure 1.9.5.1 Experimental Method This project was performed in four different experiments. In all experiments, the methods for extracting the capsaicin from chilli peppers and sauces were the same i.e. reflux and Ultrasonication. However, different masses of chilli peppers, their individual parts were used and solvent volumes were taken in these experiments. (see results) 2.1.1 Preparation of chilli samples and extraction Several chillies were cut into small pieces and weighed into a 250 mL round bottom flasks. Ethanol (75 ml) was then added to chillies. A condenser (fitted with rubber tubing to the water tap) was fixed to the round bottom flask and solution was placed on isomantle (set at 80 °C) and refluxed in fume cupboard. After cooling off, extract was filtered into 100ml flask and made up to the mark with ethanol. A 5ml aliquot was withdrawn into 1.8ml sample vial using a 0.45 µm syringe filter. These aliquots were then analysed through HPLC. 2.1.2 Preparation of chilli sauces and extraction The hot sauces were prepared by dilution of sauce (2g) with ethanol (15ml) in beakers and solutions were places in ultrasonic bath (set at 60 °C) for 30 minutes. The extracts were filtered in the same way as chillies i.e. using 0.45 µl syringe and transferred to 20ml volumetric flasks and bringing up to the mark with methanol. The equipment used was white tiles, knife, weighing boat and weighing scale. 2.1.3 Preparation of glassware In analytical experiments, its of prime importance to ensure the glassware used is clean. Therefore, the glassware used in this project was washed first with deionised water and then with the solvents used. 2.1.4 Preparation of standards for Calibration The standard solutions were prepared from 200ppm stock solution directly into sample vials. Eppendorf pipette was used for accuracy and 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 ppm standards were made with HPLC standard Methanol. Concentration/ppm Volume of 200ppm Capsaicin/ ÃŽÂ ¼L Volume of methanol/ÃŽÂ ¼L 0 0 1000 20 100 900 40 200 800 60 300 700 80 400 600 100 500 500 2.2 HPLC The HPLC used in the laboratory was Agilent 1100 Series Column- ODS hypersil UV VIS Detector- G1315B Diode array detector (set at 280nm) Flow rate- 1.3 ml/min Windows XP CPU Mobile phase- Isocratic at 65:35 Acetonitrile (2% acetic acid): water Particle size- 5 µm, Column dimension- 250mm x 4.6mm 2.3 Determining ÃŽÂ »max for UV- Vis detector The ÃŽÂ »max for the detector was determined by placing methanol blank in UV spectrometer (Perkin Elmer with lambda 40) to calibrate it. After calibration, a 100ppm capsaicin standard was placed in the spectrometer and a graph was obtained with the optimum wavelength (see Appendix 1). This was 280.40nm and the HPLC detector was set at this wavelength. 2.4 Determining optimum mobile phase composition (see Appendix 2) The mobile phase was altered to different ratios to establish what ratio gives the best separation and reasonable retention times (less than 7 minutes). The 80:20 ratio (MeCn: water) gave shorter retention time but the peaks were eluted closer to each other. The 70:30 ratio showed good retention time but peaks were still closer to each other. 50:50 ratio gave long retention time and 60:40 ratio gave good separation but retention time was longer. Therefore ratio of 65:35 was used as this gave the best retention time and separati